Counting the Sacred Text: A History of Numerical Verification in Scripture Preservation

In most languages, the word for "scribe" evokes an image of someone who writes. In Hebrew, the word is sofer (סוֹפֵר), and it means, at its root, s-p-r (ס-פ-ר), one who counts. That etymology is not incidental. It encodes a technology of preservation that is among the most durable and sophisticated ever devised for protecting … Continue reading Counting the Sacred Text: A History of Numerical Verification in Scripture Preservation

What the Hijra to Abyssinia Reveals About Hadith as Probabilistic Knowledge

Among the most consequential early events in Islamic history is the first Hijra—the migration of a small band of persecuted Muslims to Abyssinia, sometime around 615 CE. It is a story taught in every madrasa and Sunday school, narrated with confidence as a foundational episode in the Prophet's biography. A just Christian king, the Negus, … Continue reading What the Hijra to Abyssinia Reveals About Hadith as Probabilistic Knowledge

When Atrocity Is “Justified” in God’s Name: The Conscience Clause of Revelation

Throughout history, the worst atrocities have often been committed in public, with ceremony, with the sanction of institutions, and frequently with the explicit blessing of religious authority. The slave trade was defended from pulpits. Inquisitors tortured in the name of mercy, persuading themselves that burning the body was a kindness to the soul. Colonizers dismantled … Continue reading When Atrocity Is “Justified” in God’s Name: The Conscience Clause of Revelation

Stand Out of My Sunlight (Part II: Independence Freedom)

Alexander the Great was, by any reasonable accounting, the most powerful man in the Greek world when he paid a visit to Diogenes of Sinope. He had conquered nations, commanded armies, and possessed the kind of authority that made other men nervous just standing near him. He approached Diogenes—who was lying in the sun doing … Continue reading Stand Out of My Sunlight (Part II: Independence Freedom)

Bears Don’t Have Hunger Strikes (Part I: Discipline Freedom)

Here is a question worth contemplating: What is the difference between you and a bear? The obvious answers—opposable thumbs, Netflix subscriptions, the ability to feel existential dread—are correct but beside the point. Francis Fukuyama, in The End of History and the Last Man, offers a more philosophically interesting answer. The bear, he observes, cannot stage … Continue reading Bears Don’t Have Hunger Strikes (Part I: Discipline Freedom)

How 1979 Geopolitics Pushed Muslim Countries Toward Tyranny

There is a temptation, when examining contemporary predominantly Muslim countries, more rigid expressions—the political repression, the enforced uniformity, the sanctioned violence—to trace these features back through history until they disappear into some unchanging essence of the religion itself. This is a mistake, and not merely an academic one. It misreads the historical record, misattributes responsibility, … Continue reading How 1979 Geopolitics Pushed Muslim Countries Toward Tyranny