The Burden the Mountains Refused (Part IV: Constitutive Freedom)

We have offered the responsibility—the freedom of choice—to the heavens and the earth, and the mountains, but they refused to bear it, and were afraid of it. But the human being accepted it; he was transgressing, ignorant. — Quran 33:72 Read that verse again slowly, because the standard reading glosses over something extraordinary. The responsibility—al-amanah, … Continue reading The Burden the Mountains Refused (Part IV: Constitutive Freedom)

Counting the Sacred Text: A History of Numerical Verification in Scripture Preservation

In most languages, the word for "scribe" evokes an image of someone who writes. In Hebrew, the word is sofer (סוֹפֵר), and it means, at its root, s-p-r (ס-פ-ר), one who counts. That etymology is not incidental. It encodes a technology of preservation that is among the most durable and sophisticated ever devised for protecting … Continue reading Counting the Sacred Text: A History of Numerical Verification in Scripture Preservation

Stand Out of My Sunlight (Part II: Independence Freedom)

Alexander the Great was, by any reasonable accounting, the most powerful man in the Greek world when he paid a visit to Diogenes of Sinope. He had conquered nations, commanded armies, and possessed the kind of authority that made other men nervous just standing near him. He approached Diogenes—who was lying in the sun doing … Continue reading Stand Out of My Sunlight (Part II: Independence Freedom)

How 1979 Geopolitics Pushed Muslim Countries Toward Tyranny

There is a temptation, when examining contemporary predominantly Muslim countries, more rigid expressions—the political repression, the enforced uniformity, the sanctioned violence—to trace these features back through history until they disappear into some unchanging essence of the religion itself. This is a mistake, and not merely an academic one. It misreads the historical record, misattributes responsibility, … Continue reading How 1979 Geopolitics Pushed Muslim Countries Toward Tyranny

Who Are the Baddies? Apostasy, Coercion, and the Mirror the Quran Holds Up to Today’s Islam

There is a famous comedy sketch by Mitchell and Webb in which two Nazi soldiers, mid-battle, pause to notice the skull-and-crossbones insignia on their helmets. One turns to the other and asks the question that has apparently never occurred to them before: "Are we the baddies?" It is a devastatingly simple joke. But it captures … Continue reading Who Are the Baddies? Apostasy, Coercion, and the Mirror the Quran Holds Up to Today’s Islam

The Receding Horizon: God as the Outermost and the Innermost

There is a peculiar pattern in the history of human religiosity that tends to go unnoticed precisely because it unfolds so slowly. As humanity's knowledge expands—whether outward into the cosmos or inward into the architecture of the self—God does not become easier to locate. He recedes. Or rather, the horizon recedes, and we find that … Continue reading The Receding Horizon: God as the Outermost and the Innermost