Socrates, as recorded by Plato, often began with a simple question that exposed a deeper problem. One of those questions was: What is courage? At first, the answers seem obvious. Courage is standing firm in battle. Courage is refusing to run from danger. These examples sound convincing enough. But Socrates was never satisfied with examples. … Continue reading Remembering What We Already Know
A Gettier Problem in Hadith Justification
Some truths in Submission (Islam) are so foundational that they require no debate. Two such truths are the obligation to give Zakat and to perform Salat — both core pillars of faith, emphasized clearly and repeatedly in the Quran. For most believers, these are established facts. Yet a curious shift happens when a Hadith is … Continue reading A Gettier Problem in Hadith Justification
The Letter Nun in Qur’an 68:1: Early Tafsir Interpretations and Cross-Cultural Parallels
The interpretation of the letter "Nun" (ن) at the opening of Surah 68 in the Qur’an has long intrigued scholars, mystics, and rationalists alike. Classical Islamic commentators such as Ibn Kathir, Al-Tabari, and Al-Qurtubi preserved a range of early opinions—some viewing it as a disjointed Arabic letter with unknown meaning, others presenting vivid cosmological imagery … Continue reading The Letter Nun in Qur’an 68:1: Early Tafsir Interpretations and Cross-Cultural Parallels
Trade-Offs
Introduction: Every Choice Has a Cost In a well-known exchange, economist Milton Friedman was confronted by a college student about the safety of the Ford Pinto. The student argued that Ford should have invested more in safety measures to prevent fatalities, framing the issue as a moral failure on the company’s part. Rather than debating … Continue reading Trade-Offs
God’s Light & The Holographic Universe
The concept of the holographic universe first emerged from the study of black holes in the 1970s, when physicists like Jacob Bekenstein and Stephen Hawking began exploring the relationship between entropy and the surface area of a black hole’s event horizon. Their groundbreaking work revealed that the amount of information contained within a black hole … Continue reading God’s Light & The Holographic Universe
Marcus Aurelius: The Philosopher-King’s Dark Shadow
In the annals of history, Marcus Aurelius (r. 161-180 CE) stands as a paragon of wisdom and virtue, revered for his stoic resilience, philosophical depth, and steadfast governance during a tumultuous era of the Roman Empire. Born in 121 CE, Marcus rose to power as Rome’s emperor in 161 CE, leading with a profound commitment … Continue reading Marcus Aurelius: The Philosopher-King’s Dark Shadow
The Supernatural: Science Waiting to Be Understood
Some skeptics argue that miracles are as logically impossible as a four-sided triangle. Just as a shape ceases to be a triangle if it has four sides, they claim that an event ceases to be real if it is classified as a miracle. Their reasoning is that invoking the concept of a miracle means attributing … Continue reading The Supernatural: Science Waiting to Be Understood
Ibn Khaldun Genius and Ignorance
Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406) was a renowned Arab historian, philosopher, and sociologist from North Africa, widely regarded as one of the founders of sociology and historiography. Born in Tunis, he spent much of his life in the Maghreb (Northwest Africa), Andalusia (modern-day Spain), and Egypt, where he held various political and administrative roles and served as … Continue reading Ibn Khaldun Genius and Ignorance
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