The great irony of the Abrahamic traditions is that their founders began not as kings of vast realms or leaders of tremendous nations, but as figures so marginal that the world around them scarcely took notice. Empires recorded tax quotas, harvest failures, caravan routes, and court intrigues with obsessive regularity; they built monuments to victories … Continue reading Humble Beginnings
The Uraeus and Moses: When Symbols Collide
Long before Moses ever stood in the halls of Egypt, the kings of the Nile crowned themselves with a symbol found on the brow of every pharaoh: the Uraeus, a stylized cobra, hood flared, poised to strike. For more than two millennia, the Egyptians believed this serpent was not mere ornament but a living emblem … Continue reading The Uraeus and Moses: When Symbols Collide
The Slow Birth of Islam: How Syriac Christians Watched a Religion Take Shape
When the armies of Islam emerged from Arabia in the seventh century, the first Christians they encountered were not the Greek-speaking Byzantines of Constantinople nor the Latin Christians of Rome, but the Syriac-speaking Christian communities of the Middle East. These Christians—centered in Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, and Persia—spoke Syriac, a dialect of Aramaic closely related to … Continue reading The Slow Birth of Islam: How Syriac Christians Watched a Religion Take Shape
Syriac Polemics Against Islam: Muhammad Had No Miracles Aside from Quran
Around the year 781 CE, Patriarch Timothy (727–823 CE) recorded what is now known as the Apology, a transcript of his theological debate with the Abbasid Caliph al-Mahdi (r. 775–785 CE). This text captures a moment in the history of the Christian–Muslim encounter that should unsettle every modern defender of the miracle legends later invented … Continue reading Syriac Polemics Against Islam: Muhammad Had No Miracles Aside from Quran
Notes: Envisioninig Islam: Syriac Christians and Early Muslim World
The following are my notes from the book "Envisioning Islam: Syriac Christians and the Early Muslim World" by Michael Philip Penn. But when Muslims first encountered Christians they did not meet Greek-speaking Christians from Constantinople, nor did they meet Latin-speaking Christians from the western Mediterranean. Rather, they first encountered Christians from northern Mesopotamia who spoke … Continue reading Notes: Envisioninig Islam: Syriac Christians and Early Muslim World
The Earliest Mentions of Muhammad from Syriac Sources
Long before medieval Christian polemicists wrote about “Mahomet,” and centuries before European historians tried to reconstruct early Islam, a different group recorded the rise of Muhammad and his followers in real time: Syriac-speaking Christians of the Near East. These communities lived not in Rome or Constantinople, but in Syria, Mesopotamia, and Persia—the very lands conquered … Continue reading The Earliest Mentions of Muhammad from Syriac Sources
The Quran’s Anomalous Emergence: A Monument Without Scaffolding
Abstract Human civilization advances through gradual cultural evolution: simple forms mature into complex ones through iterative refinement, failure, and learning. Every masterwork—from the Great Pyramid to the Divine Comedy—rests upon centuries of predecessors and prototypes. Yet the Quran appears to violate this iron law. Emerging from seventh-century Arabia, a culture with no tradition of written … Continue reading The Quran’s Anomalous Emergence: A Monument Without Scaffolding
The Arsonist in Uniform: How the U.S. Fuels and Fights the Drug War
Governments often justify their existence by claiming to protect citizens from threats. But what happens when the very institutions tasked with solving a problem are also invested in keeping it alive? This paradox — of the arsonist who then dons a firefighter’s helmet — is nowhere clearer than in the U.S. government’s relationship with the … Continue reading The Arsonist in Uniform: How the U.S. Fuels and Fights the Drug War
The First Crusade: Holy War or Holy Hypocrisy?
The First Crusade (1096–1099) is often remembered in church history as a sacred mission to liberate Jerusalem from Muslim control, clothed in the language of holy war and divine justice. Pope Urban II’s fiery words at Clermont promised forgiveness of sins and eternal reward for those who “took the cross,” while Byzantine Emperor Alexios I … Continue reading The First Crusade: Holy War or Holy Hypocrisy?
Sunni Apologist Hadith Fragment (AP 259) Dishonesty
In a recent debate with Sunnis on Discord, some individuals cited a scholarly paper to claim proof of hadith manuscripts from the first century Hijri. In their typical fashion, rather than sending a link to the article, they only sent a screenshot of the article's first page, underlining a single sentence: “The date of this … Continue reading Sunni Apologist Hadith Fragment (AP 259) Dishonesty
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