The opening verse of Sura 53, "The Stars" (Al-Najm) states: [53:1] As the stars fell away. وَٱلنَّجْمِ إِذَا هَوَىٰ 1wal-najmiوَٱلنَّجْمِBy the star2idhāإِذَاwhen3hawāهَوَىٰit fell down / fell away Dr. Rashad Khalifa provides the following footnote for this verse: *53:1-18 Muhammad was summoned to the highest universe to receive this Quran into his heart. The stars fell away … Continue reading The Hawk & The Dove (Quran & Gospel)
Possible Origins of the word Ḥawāriyūn (Disciples)
The Quran refers to the disciples of Jesus with the term ḥawāriyūn (ٱلْحَوَارِيُّونَ), which appears five times across four verses: 3:52:12l-ḥawāriyūnaٱلْحَوَارِيُّونَthe disciples5:111:4l-ḥawāriyīnaٱلْحَوَارِيِّـۧنَthe disciples5:112:3l-ḥawāriyūnaٱلْحَوَارِيُّونَthe disciples,61:14:12lil'ḥawāriyyīnaلِلْحَوَارِيِّـۧنَto the disciples,61:14:18l-ḥawāriyūnaٱلْحَوَارِيُّونَthe disciples, The term is derived from the root "ḥ-w-r" ( ح و ر ), and one of the meanings of this root is to wash or, more specifically, whiten … Continue reading Possible Origins of the word Ḥawāriyūn (Disciples)
Does 9:107 Forbid Praying Behind Hypocrites?
Some argue that the following verse prohibits a person from praying behind someone they deem a hypocrite. [9:107] There are those who abuse the masjid by practicing idol worship, dividing the believers, and providing comfort to those who oppose GOD and His messenger. They solemnly swear: "Our intentions are honorable!" GOD bears witness that they are … Continue reading Does 9:107 Forbid Praying Behind Hypocrites?
How John Rewrote Thomas to Silence a Rival Gospel
In 1945, a remarkable discovery was made near the Egyptian village of Nag Hammadi. Hidden in a sealed jar for over a thousand years, a collection of Coptic manuscripts was unearthed, among them a text that came to be known as the Gospel of Thomas. The text is attributed to the apostle Thomas, also called … Continue reading How John Rewrote Thomas to Silence a Rival Gospel
Apostolic Succession Debunked
One of the most distinctive claims of the Catholic Church is the doctrine of apostolic succession. According to this teaching, the authority that Christ gave to his apostles did not die with them but was passed on to their chosen successors. Through the laying on of hands, this authority is believed to have continued in … Continue reading Apostolic Succession Debunked
Hypocrisy of Peter & Paul
One of the sharpest controversies in the early church, according to the Christian canon, revolved around the question of Jewish law: Should Gentile believers be required to follow the Torah, particularly the command of circumcision, in order to be part of God’s covenant people? The apostles in Jerusalem, led by James, Peter, and John, were … Continue reading Hypocrisy of Peter & Paul
Muhammad Mythicism
The notion that Prophet Muhammad never existed — sometimes called Muhammad mythicism — is a fringe idea that has gained attention in certain circles, not because it is supported by credible historians, but because it has been aggressively promoted by Christian polemicists like Jay Smith and Robert Spencer. These are not scholars searching for truth, … Continue reading Muhammad Mythicism
Remembering What We Already Know
Socrates, as recorded by Plato, often began with a simple question that exposed a deeper problem. One of those questions was: What is courage? At first, the answers seem obvious. Courage is standing firm in battle. Courage is refusing to run from danger. These examples sound convincing enough. But Socrates was never satisfied with examples. … Continue reading Remembering What We Already Know
Sunni Punishment for Abandoning Salat (Quran vs. Hadith)
In Sunni Islam, apostasy is punishable by death. This ruling is drawn directly from hadith literature, such as the report in Sunan al-Nasa’i: Ibn 'Abbas said: "The Messenger of Allah said: 'Whoever changes his religion, kill him.'" أَخْبَرَنَا عِمْرَانُ بْنُ مُوسَى، قَالَ حَدَّثَنَا عَبْدُ الْوَارِثِ، قَالَ حَدَّثَنَا أَيُّوبُ، عَنْ عِكْرِمَةَ، قَالَ قَالَ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ قَالَ … Continue reading Sunni Punishment for Abandoning Salat (Quran vs. Hadith)
A Gettier Problem in Hadith Justification
Some truths in Submission (Islam) are so foundational that they require no debate. Two such truths are the obligation to give Zakat and to perform Salat — both core pillars of faith, emphasized clearly and repeatedly in the Quran. For most believers, these are established facts. Yet a curious shift happens when a Hadith is … Continue reading A Gettier Problem in Hadith Justification
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