The following are my notes from the book "Envisioning Islam: Syriac Christians and the Early Muslim World" by Michael Philip Penn. But when Muslims first encountered Christians they did not meet Greek-speaking Christians from Constantinople, nor did they meet Latin-speaking Christians from the western Mediterranean. Rather, they first encountered Christians from northern Mesopotamia who spoke … Continue reading Notes: Envisioninig Islam: Syriac Christians and Early Muslim World
The Earliest Mentions of Muhammad from Syriac Sources
Long before medieval Christian polemicists wrote about “Mahomet,” and centuries before European historians tried to reconstruct early Islam, a different group recorded the rise of Muhammad and his followers in real time: Syriac-speaking Christians of the Near East. These communities lived not in Rome or Constantinople, but in Syria, Mesopotamia, and Persia—the very lands conquered … Continue reading The Earliest Mentions of Muhammad from Syriac Sources
The Night Journey and Ascension: How Jewish Folklore Became Sunni Doctrine
In Sunni Islamic tradition, the Isrāʾ wal-Miʿrāj (الإسراء والمعراج) refers to two separate but interconnected miraculous events that are said to have occurred in a single night — the Night Journey (al-Isrāʾ) and the Ascension (al-Miʿrāj). According to Sunni accounts, this journey began in Mecca, when Muhammad is said to have been visited by the … Continue reading The Night Journey and Ascension: How Jewish Folklore Became Sunni Doctrine
The Quran’s Anomalous Emergence: A Monument Without Scaffolding
Abstract Human civilization advances through gradual cultural evolution: simple forms mature into complex ones through iterative refinement, failure, and learning. Every masterwork—from the Great Pyramid to the Divine Comedy—rests upon centuries of predecessors and prototypes. Yet the Quran appears to violate this iron law. Emerging from seventh-century Arabia, a culture with no tradition of written … Continue reading The Quran’s Anomalous Emergence: A Monument Without Scaffolding
The Many Incoherencies of Ibn Hanbal
Few figures in Islamic history embody incoherency as completely as Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal (780 – 855 CE). He is venerated as the purest defender of prophetic tradition, a martyr of the Mihna who resisted the Abbasid Caliph al-Maʾmūn’s demand to declare the Quran “created.” Yet beneath that saintly veneer lies a theology built on suspicion … Continue reading The Many Incoherencies of Ibn Hanbal
Why Sunnis Perpetuate the Myth of Aisha’s Age
The hadith of ʿĀʾishah’s marital age—claiming that the Prophet Muhammad married her at six and consummated the marriage at nine—has long stood as one of the most disturbing reports within the Sunnī hadith corpus. In his groundbreaking Oxford PhD thesis, The Hadith of ʿĀʾishah’s Marital Age: A Study in the Evolution of Early Islamic Historical … Continue reading Why Sunnis Perpetuate the Myth of Aisha’s Age
Why Don’t Sunnis Advocate Mass Illiteracy?
A standard narrative among traditionalists is that the Prophet Muhammad was illiterate. They claim he could not read or write during the ~63 years he was on this planet. In other words, over the span of twenty years, he was delivering the Quran; he either never took the time to learn to read or write, … Continue reading Why Don’t Sunnis Advocate Mass Illiteracy?
Light, Wisdom, and the Choice of Darkness
"You cannot wake someone who is pretending to be asleep." The old adage captures a distinction worth examining: between ordinary ignorance and willful ignorance. The first is innocent—a gap in understanding that instruction can fill. The second is something different, a deliberate turning away from what could be known, a refusal to see what has … Continue reading Light, Wisdom, and the Choice of Darkness
Cultivate Your Garden: Lessons from Voltaire and the Quran
In 1759, at the height of the Enlightenment—when European philosophers preached that reason would perfect humanity and history marched inevitably toward paradise—Voltaire published a novel called Candide to serve as a scathing critique of this naive optimism. In this book, the hero is dragged through every conceivable horror—war, plague, earthquakes, and executions—yet ends not with … Continue reading Cultivate Your Garden: Lessons from Voltaire and the Quran
Why Transmit Abrogated Hadith Without Clarification?
There are multiple Sahih narrations claiming the Prophet commanded ablution (wudu) after eating food touched by fire: Abu Hurairah reported: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: Perform ablution after eating anything which has been cooked by fire. حَدَّثَنَا مُسَدَّدٌ، حَدَّثَنَا يَحْيَى، عَنْ شُعْبَةَ، حَدَّثَنِي أَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ حَفْصٍ، عَنِ الأَغَرِّ، عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ، قَالَ قَالَ … Continue reading Why Transmit Abrogated Hadith Without Clarification?
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